Tricyclic terpanes to hopanes Ratios calculated from individual biomarkers to delineate their distribution, identifications, mixing ratios and biological precursor in a suite of crude oils (n = 24) from the East Sirt Basin. Geochemical application of Tricyclic terpane and Hopane biomarkers is divided studied oils into five groups (I, II, III, IV and V) based on the different ratios between Tricyclic terpanes to hopanes. Percentages of C23 Tricyclic terpanes/17α (H), 21β(H)-hopanes (C30αβ) and C28 Tricyclic terpane/17α (H), 21β (H)-30 hopanes (C31) have divided crude oils into 2 main individual groups in addition to 3 mixed groups. Group I, characterized by the dominance and extension of the tricycle terpane series (≈ C45 Tricyclic terpane). Group V, distinguished with the dominance of 17α (H), 21β (H) hopanes series. Groups II, contained a domination Tricyclic terpanes and hopanes, considered as a mixed group. The group III demonstrated equivalent ratios of Tricyclic terpanes to hopanes. The Group IV revealed a reduced amount of Tricyclic terpanes with enrich of hopanes. Tricyclic terpanes derived from tricyclohexaprenol precursors and attributed to a marine depositional environment and algal matter. Hopanes in obtained from bacteriohopane polyols and aminopolyols and distinguished to a depositional bacterial environment.

 In this paper, English language will be used as an instance of natural languages as we will be concerned with the set of all natural language texts. this research tries to employ a set of all synonyms as a way to hide secret message inside a natural language text. 

Activation of innate immunity is regulated by a variety of signaling molecules within

the immune cells. The present thesis was aimed to improve our understanding

innate signaling mechanism and their possible use as bio-indicators of exposure and

disease. The first part of the thesis deals with the involvement of TOM1L1 (Target

of Myb1 like 1) in innate immune signaling and regulation of inflammatory cytokines

in immune cells (study I and II). The initial event of T-cells activation depend

on the recruitment of Src family kinases Fyn and Lck, leading to interleukine-2 (IL-

2) production in T cells. Understanding the regulatory aspects of IL-2 induction in

T-cells is of importance as IL-2 is a key regulator for T-cell proliferation and survival.

Interaction screening indicated the ability of TOM1L1 protein to interact with

Fyn, and Lck, that is important for IL-2 production in Jurkat T-cells. TOM1L1

silencing decreased the levels of CD3/CD28 dependent induction of IL-2 in Jurkat

T-cells, and LPS dependent induction of TNF-α in THP-1. Furthermore, overexpression

of TOM1L1 in Jurkat T-cells causes an increase of STAT3 expression. This

was accompanied by an increase in the levels of IL-1β dependent induction of IL-6

and TNF-α in THP-1 cells. These results indicate that TOM1L11 participate in

regulation of innate immune response. The second part of the thesis deals with

development of innate immune signaling responses used as a diagnosis tools for

disease and exposure (study III and IV). Inflammatory diseases are associated with

innate immune reactions. In response to inflammation, the immune cells release

inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1-β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and CXCL8. These

cytokines are regulated by stress related kinases include MAP kinase proteins such

as ERK1-2, JNK, and MAPK p38, through activation of transcription factors AP-1,

ATF-2, and NF-AT. In a clinical study, it was observed that activated MAPK p38

has a potential role in the regulation of IL-10 expression in intermittent claudication.

However, expression of IL-10 and MAPK p38 was opposed in stable angina

group. Therefore, targeting MAPK p38 in inflammatory disease such as cardiovascular

diseases, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis might be useful in development of

treatment strategies. Innate immune reactions can also be used to monitor stress

related inflammatory responses following environmental exposure of immune cells.

Inflammatory responses of exposure were studied by in vitro exposure to waters

from sewage treatment works and recipient waters. The analysis shows that exposure

to inland waters can result in activated immune responses and that these responses

are both site dependent and vary over time.

Keywords: Innate immunity, TOM1L1, inflammatory responses.

The present paper involves a detailed evaluation of specific steroid biomarkers by gas chromatography– mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and GC-metastable reaction monitoring (MRM) analyses of several crude oils and source rocks from the East Sirte Basin. 24-Norcholestanes, dinosteranes, 4a-methyl-24-ethylcholestanes and triaromatic steroids have been identified in both source-rocks and crude oils of the East Sirte Basin. Diatoms, dinoflagellates (including those potentially associated with corals) and/or their direct ancestors are amongst the proposed sources of these biomarkers. These biomarker parameters have been used to establish a Mesozoic oil–source correlation of the East Sirte Basin. Hydropyrolysis of an extant coral extract revealed a similar distribution (although immature) of dinosteranes and 4a-methyl-24-ethylcholestanes also observed in the Sirte oils and source-rocks. This is consistent with the presence of dinoflagellates present during the deposition of the Mesozoic aged East Sirte Basin Formations. A good data correlation for the rock extracts revealed a similar distribution of 3,24-dimethyl triaromatic steroids, 3-methyl-24-ethylcholestanes, 4-methyl-24-ethylcholestanes and 2-methyl-24-ethylcholestanes observed in one of the oil families and associated source-rocks for the East Sirte Basin.

 Abstract: The paper presents an adaptive intelligent control method to overcome effects of some indeterminate and undealt factors that a DC .drive is suffered. In the speed loop, we use a three-layer neural networks through a backpropagation (BP) algorithm out of line learning to realize the fuzzy-control tactics. We use unit neuron through Hebb algorithm on-line dynamic learning to realize adaptive mechanism. The simulation is based on a MATLAB6.0 neural networks toolbox with simulink. The results of the simulation show that adaptive intelligent control method enables the system to have good dynamic and stability performance. The proposed method develops the use of simulink in the field of electrical drive of adaptive intelligent control.

Biomarker ratios, together with stable carbon (d13C) and hydrogen (dD) isotopic compositions of individual hydrocarbons have been determined in a suite of crude oils (n = 24) from the East Sirte Basin to delineate their sources and respective thermal maturity. The crude oil samples are divided into two main families (A and B) based on differences in source inputs and thermal maturity. Using source specific parameters including pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph), hopane/sterane, dibenzothiophene/ phenanthrene (DBT/P), Pr/n-C17 and Ph/n-Cl8 ratios and the distributions of tricyclic and tetracyclic terpanes, family B oils are ascribed a marine source rock deposited under sub-oxic conditions, while family A oils have a more terrigenous source affinity. This genetic classification is supported by the stable carbon isotopic compositions (d13C) of the n-alkanes. Using biomarker maturity parameters such as the abundance of Pr and Ph relative to n-alkanes and the distribution of sterane and hopane isomers, family A oils are shown to be more thermally mature than family B oils. The contrasting maturity of the two families is supported by differences between the stable hydrogen isotopic compositions (dD) of Pr and Ph and the n-alkanes, as well as the d13C values of n-alkanes in their respective oils.