Abstract: In this work, we consider linear and nonlinear Volterra integral equations of the second kind. Here, by converting integral equation of the first kind to a linear equation of the second kind and the ordinary differential equation to integral equation we are going to solve the equation easily. The Adomian decomposition method or shortly (ADM) is used to find a solution to these equations. The Adomian decomposition method converts the Volterra integral equations into determination of computable components. The existence and uniqueness of solutions of linear (or nonlinear) Volterra integral equations of the second kind are expressed by theorems. If an exact solution exists for the problem, then the obtained series convergence very rabidly to that solution. A nonlinear term F(u) in nonlinear volterra integral equations is Lipschitz continuous and has polynomial representation. Finally, the sufficient condition that guarantees a unique solution of Volterra (linear and nonlinear) integral equations with the choice of the initial data is obtained, and the solution is found in series form. Theoretical considerations are being discussed. To illustrate the ability and simplicity of the method. A few examples including linear and nonlinear are provided to show validity and applicability of this approach. The results are taken from the works mentioned in the reference. 

Cutting samples (n = 150) and Core samples (n = 6) from the Taouratine, Dembaba, Assedjefar Marar, Awaynat Wanin, Tanezzuft and Mamuniyat Formations ( Jurassic to Ordovician), derived from wells (A-3, B-1, H-1 and H-15), locate in the A, B and H fields, present in Murzuq Basin were analysed. Rock-Eval Pyrolysis, Total Organic Carbon and specific Aromatic Molecular Biomarker (by the use of chromatography- mass spectrometry GC-MS) as geochemical parameters implemented to investigate their Lithology, kerogen type, organic matter (OM) richness and maturity evaluation. Such Formations are fair to very good quantity of organic matter passing in the course of excellent source rocks, have average of organic carbon richness (TOC) value ranged between 0.2% to 16.7% with one anomalously rich sample at 666m (well H-1) where a dark grey shale has a TOC content of 46.1% and high potential yield over 90000 ppm. The studied rocks are ranged from immature to mature of hydrogen index (HI) ranged between 24 - 302 mg HC/g TOC versus pyrolysis Tmax, with dominance of kerogen II/III Type, resulted based on HI versus oxygen index (OI), ranged from 3 to 161 mg CO2/g TOC. The Tmax , spore colouration (SCI) and Vitrinite Reflectance (% Ro) as maturity parameters ranged among 425 - 445, 5 - 8.5 and 0.35 - 3 respectively.

Aromatic hydrocarbon ratios by use of gas chromatography - mass spectrometry pointed to two levels of thermal maturity, where the high level of thermal maturity recorded in lower Silurian, whereas the less maturity was from other formations

This paper presents some initial studies for characterizing effects of human body movements on short range indoor links at 18-22 GHz. Firstly, measurement system is described, and then, calibration measurements along with initial results of the impact of human body movement on the channel are presented for some scenarios. 

Mobile wireless technologies have followed different evolutionary (generation) paths aimed at unified target related to the

performance and efficiency in high mobile environment, which provides access to wide range of telecommunication services

including advanced mobile services supported by mobile and fixed networks. This paper illustrate the developments of the

mobile wireless communication, focus on the specification and capability for each technology to make an idea about the future

technology what will offer.

Abstract— XML and relation database are two of the most important mechanisms for storing and transferring data. A reliable and flexible way of moving data between them is very desirable goal. The way data is stored in each method is very different which makes the translation process difficult. To try and abstract some of the differences away, a low–level common data model can be used to successfully move data from one model to another. A way of describing the schema is needed. To the best of our knowledge, there is no widely accepted way of doing this for XML.                                                         

Recently, XML Schema has taken on this role. On one hand, this paper takes XML conforming to XML schema definitions and transforms into relational database via the low–level modeling language HDM. On the other hand, a relational database is transformed into an XML Schema document and an XML instance document containing the data from the database. The transformations are done within the Auto med framework providing a sound theoretical basis for the work. A visual tool that represents the XML Schema in tree structure and allows some manipulation of the schema is also described.   

Farwa island is considered as one of the biggest and most important island in Libya: it is located in the Mediterranean north western part of Libya, about 2Km from the Abukamash coast, and it's about 150Km western of Tripoli. It has a suitable climatic condition and unique diverse habitats of extensive tidal area, sand dunes, trees, mud flat, marshes, drying salt lakes, and beaches. The mean annual temperature is 19ºC and the mean annual rainfall reaches 200 mm: these conditions provide a good habitat for many plant and animal species. The most common plant species at this area are: Eucalyptus gomphocephala, Retama retam, Phoenix dac-tylifera, Artemisia campestris, Thymelaea hirsuta, Juncus maritimus, Helicrysum stoe-chas, Tamarix aphylla, Ephedra alata, Citrullus colocynthis, Ziziphus lotus, Lycium europaeum. The most common mammal species seen in Farwa island are Lepus ca-pensis, Vulpes vulpes, Ictonyx libycus, Hystrix cristata. There are many kinds of reptiles like lizards, snakes, and sea turtles. And also there are many kinds of arthropods like beetles, butterflies, moths, ants, bees, wasps, locusts, spiders and scorpions. Water birds form the most important fauna elements in Farwa island. This island is the most important area in Libya for many migratory birds, especially for the birds which are under world wide danger of extinction like Thalasseus bengalensis, Ichthyaetus audouinii, Phalacrocorax aristotelis, Aythya ferina, Numenius tenuirostris. There are many migratory bird species breeding at this island, the most common are Sternula albifrons, Hydroprogne caspia, Sterna hirundo, Tringa tetanus, Larus ca-chinnas, and Charadrius alexandrinus. Fawa Island provides many kinds of birds with proper conditions for nutrition, reproduction, sheltering and wintering, because of its different habitats and convenient climate condition.

Abstract

It has been described the development of electrochemical nano sensor for the detection of mercury ions from aqueous solutions based on the formation of polyaniline nanoparticle films. Screen printed carbon electrodes were modified with polyaniline nanoparticles. Electropolymerization of polyaniline nanoparticles was performed by the pulsed potentiostatic method. The sample of polyaniline nanoparticles was prepared by repeating the potential step process three times. Structural and morploigcal characterization of polyaniline nanoparticles modified screen printed carbon electrode was performed using Fourier Transmission infrared (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). PANI nanoparticles were spherical shaped having an apparent dimeter varying from 20 to 45 nm. Square wave anodic stripping voltammetry was used for the detection of Hg(II) on PANI NPs modified screen printed carbon electrode under optimized conditions. Hg(II) was deposited for 60 seconds by the reduction of Hg(II) in buffer solution:(citric acid and sodium chloride pH 2.30), followed by Hg stripping between 0.3 and 0.8 V at the following parameters: Scan rate: 100 mV s-1, frequency: 60 Hz, amplitude: 0.025 V and increment: 4.0 mV. it was found that the PANI NPs modified screen printed carbon electrode had a highest anodic stripping peak current in solution of pH 2.30. The limit of detection value for Hg(II) was found to be 2.50 ± 0.03 ppb. The limits of detections determined are below the corresponding guideline value from the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition, the modified nano electrode exhibited excellent reproducibility and high stability. The developed method was successfully applied to determine Hg(II) in real water samples with satisfactory results.