Research was conducted at Curtin University (Western Australia) to assess the seedling tolerance of three species Eucalyptus, gomphocephala DC (Myrtaceae) (common name ‘Tuart’), Eucalyptus marginata Sm. (common name ‘Jarrah’) and Corymbia calophylla (Lindl.) K.D. Hill & J. A. S. Johnson (common name ‘Marri’) to soil-induced stressor, namely water loggings (flooding). Flooding treatment was achieved by filling the tubs with water, approximately 1 cm above the soil surface and control treatment had the same method except with drainage holes. Study assessment was attained by statistical change in seedling growth, leaf allocation and leaf physiology after 70 days of seed germination. Tolerance was assessed by measuring changes in seedling growth, leaf allocation and leaf physiology after 70-80 days. C. calophylla was the most tolerant to prolonged waterlogging (80% survival, no difference in transpiration rates); E. marginata was the least tolerant (10% survival, 95% decrease in transpiration rate). E. marginata was the least tolerant to the three soil stresses. E. marginata prefers habitats that are not excessively wet on well-drained soils. C. calophylla was the most tolerant, occurring and tolerating wet, well-drained soils and thus demonstrated better physiological responses of three prominent studied eucalypts to soil-induced stresses provides us with invaluable knowledge for rehabilitating and restoring urban bush land.tolerance to prolong waterlogging. Knowing the seedling growth and

Abstract— In this paper, the XMLSchema-driven mapping of architecture components for generating new data formats will be introduced and an investigation of how the XMLSchema can be stored in different ways will be carried out. In general, any application that has the capability to work with XML documents will need to display the structure of its related data in a different format specified for a particular occasion, due to its nature in working in heterogeneous environment. Accordingly, mapping document from one data structure to another is needed. Such a mapping process is essential, especially when dealing with XMLSchema. Actually, when the data are to be translated between XML and database there should be some means of mapping formulated for the data before they can be transferred either to the database or in the document. Most of the techniques use object relational mapping for transforming data between XML and the database. In this paper, we will present different types of mapping of XMLSchema such as tree-to-tree which means XMLSchema to another XMLSchema and XMLSchema to XHTML. Other mappings are XMLSchema to relation, XMLSchema to object relational, and XMLSchema to relational algebra. We also introduce general algorithms for many of the mapping types. The algorithms and the techniques show how XMLSchema drives the mapping of architecture components to generate a new data structure.

Abstract— Query expansion is the process of supplementing additional terms to the original query to improve the information retrieval (IR) performance. For heavily inflectional languages such as Arabic, query expansion is considered a difficult task. In this paper, the well-known approach: "The similarity thesaurus" is adopted to be applied on Arabic. Prior to applying this approach, first; datasets (three collections of Arabic documents) are pre-processed to create documents inverted index vocabularies, then, the normal indexing process is carried out. The thesaurus method is applied to create a modified (expanded) query of the original one and the target collection is indexed once more. To gauge the enhancement of retrieval process, the results of normal indexing and those of applying thesaurus approach are evaluated against each other using precision and recall measures. The results have shown that the thesaurus method has considerably enhanced the performance of the Arabic Information Retrieval (AIR) System. As the number of expansion terms increases up to a certain extent (35 terms), the performance has been improved. On the other hand, the performance will not be affected, or grow insignificantly as the number of expansion terms exceeds this limit.

The present paper involves a detailed comparison between the salt tolerance and physiological responseof three eucalypt species occurring within the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia. Eucalyptus gomphocephala DC (Myrtaceae) (common name ‘Tuart’) is restricted to the calcareous (limestone), brown or yellow sand of the coastal Spearwood dunes. Eucalyptus marginata Sm. (common name ‘Jarrah’) is a small tree on the porous, well-drained sandy soils of the Bassendean dunes Plain, and a much larger tree on the Darling Range. Corymbia calophylla (Lindl.) K.D. Hill & J. A. S. Johnson (common name ‘Marri’), and has a similar distribution to that of Jarrah, but is more common on wetter, well drained soils. This investigate implemented to find out the seedling tolerance of these three species to soil-induced stressor, namely salinity via addition of sodium chloride solution. Tolerance assessment measured changes in seedling growth, leaf allocation and leaf physiology after 70-80 days. Neither E. marginata and C. calophylla could tolerate the highest salinity (0.25 M NaCl solutions) with 9-13% survival, although E. marginata was clearly the least tolerant with 52% reduction in relative growth rate and a 88% in transpiration rates. E. gomphocephala was the most tolerant to salt stress in terms of survival and growth parameters. 

The title complex was isolated as a red solid from the reaction of 4-(salicylaldiminato)antipyrine, HL, and cobalt (II) acetate in ethanol. The complex has been characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, UV-Vis, and X-ray single crystal diffraction. Two crystallographically different cationic units, A and B, of the title complex are found. Both units are essentially isostructural; nevertheless, small differences exist between them. Both units contain four cobalt atoms arranged at the corners of distorted cubane like core alternatively with phenoxy oxygen of the Schiff base. In both cases, one cobalt binds to three coordinated sites from the corresponding tridentate Schiff base ligand, and the fourth one was bonded by the acetate oxygen, and the fifth and the sixth donor sites come from the phenolate oxygen of another Schiff base ligand.

Abstract With the explosive growth of the World Wide Web, Information Retrieval Systems (IRS) have recently become a focus of research. Query expansion is defined as the process of supplementing additional terms or phrases to the original query to improve the information retrieval performance. Arabic is highly inflectional and derivational language which makes the query expansion process a hard task. In this paper, the well known approach, Pseudo Relevance Feedback (PRF) is adopted to be applied on Arabic. Prior to applying PRF, first; datasets (three collections of Arabic documents) are pre-processed to create documents inverted index vocabularies, then, the normal indexing process is carried out. The PRF is applied to create a modified (expanded) query of the original one and the target collection is indexed once more. To judge the enhancement of retrieval process, the results of normal indexing and those of applying PRF are evaluated against each other using precision and recall measures. The results have shown that the PRF method has significantly enhanced the performance of the Arabic Information Retrieval (AIR) System. As the number of expansion terms increases up to a certain extent (35 terms), the performance has been improved. On the other hand, the performance will not be affected, or grow insignificantly as the number of expansion terms exceeds this limit. 

Abstract: Nowadays, enormous amounts of accessible textual information available on the Internet are phenomenal. Automatic text classification is considered an important application in natural language processing. It is the process of assigning a document to predefined categories based on its content. In this paper, the well-known Centroid-based technique developed for text classification is considered to be applied on Arabic text. Arabic language is highly inflectional and derivational which makes text processing a complex and challenging task. In the proposed work, the Centroid-based Algorithm is adopted and adapted to be applied to classify Arabic documents. The implemented algorithm is evaluated using a corpus containing a set of Arabic documents. The experimental results against a dataset of 1400 Arabic text documents covering seven distinct categories reveal that the adapted Centroid-based algorithm is applicable to classify Arabic documents. The performance criteria of the implemented Arabic classifier achieved roughly figures of 90.7%, 87.1%, 88.9%, 94.8%, and 5.2% of Micro-averaging recall, precision, F measure, accuracy, and error rates respectively.

Abstract— Automatic text categorization is considered an important application in natural language processing. It is the process of assigning a document to predefined categories based on its content. In this research, some well-known techniques developed for classifying English text are considered to be applied on Arabic. This work focuses on applying the well-known Rocchio (Centroid-based) technique on Arabic documents. This technique uses centroids to define good class boundaries. The centroid of a class c is computed as center of mass of its members. Arabic language is highly inflectional and derivational which makes text processing a complex task. In the proposed work, first Arabic text is preprocessed using tokenization and stemming techniques. Then, the Rocchio Algorithm is adopted and adapted to be applied to classify Arabic documents. The implemented algorithm is evaluated using a corpus containing a set of actual documents. The results show that the adapted Rocchio algorithm is applicable to categorize Arabic text. Ratios of 92.2%, 92.7%, and 92.1% of Micro-averaging recall, precision, and F-measure respectively are achieved, against a data set of 500 Arabic text documents covering five distinct categories.

Network layer indications are not readily available upon a link change; therefore, general dependes on the network layer may introduce unnecessary delays due to network layer signaling for a simple link layer handover. If information could be gathered at link layer to determine the need for network layer signaling, then both the delay and signaling load could be really improved over the current standards of Mobile IP.

This paper presents a Cross-layer decision on two layer network and link layers to improve the performance of Enhanced Mobile IP (E-Mobile IP) handover in which reducing packet loss and latency during handover process.

Cutting samples (n = 93) from the Sirte, Tagrifet, Rakb, Rachmat, Bahi Formations of Upper Cretaceous and Nubian Formation (Lower Cretaceous) derived from eleven wells (6C1-59, 6J1-59, 6R1-59, KK1-65, OO2-65, M1-51, KK1-65, B-96, B-95, B-99, E1-NC-59) locate in the Amal, Gialo, Nafoora, and Sarir Fields present in East Sirte Basin were analysed in the aim of their organic geochemical evaluation. A bulk geochemical parameters and evaluation of specific biomarkers by chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) implemented to find out a diversity of interbedded non-marine lithofacies including sandstones, siltstones, shales and conglomerates. Such rocks are good source and contain fair to good contented of organic matter passing in the course of very good, in which the excellent source rocks have organic carbon richness (TOC) reached to 5.16 wt%. The studied samples are ranged from gas to oil-prone organic matter (OM) of hydrogen index (HI) ranged between 115 - 702 mg HC/g TOC, related with gas prone (OM) of (HI) <150 and most beds contain oil-prone organic matter of (HI) > 300, associated with oxygen index (OI): 3 - 309 mg CO2/g TOC indicate that organic matter is dominated by Type II/III kerogen. The maturity of these source rocks is variations ranges from mature to post-mature-oil window in the Sirte and Rachmat Formations, as inferred from the production index (PI: 0.07 - 1.55) and Tmax and Ro% data (Tmax: 425 - 440/Ro%: 0.46 - 1.38) and early to mid-stage maturities for the other formations. Low PI in some samples seems to imply that the most of the hydrocarbons have expelled and migrated from the rocks. Biomarker ratios of individual hydrocarbons in rock extracts (n = 21), were also used in order to investigate the samples’ thermal maturity and palaeo depositional conditions. Pristine/Phytane ratios of 0.65 - 1.25 and dibenzothiophene to phenanthrene (DBT/P) ratios of 0.04 - 0.47 indicated Anoxic and suboxic conditions of depositional source rock. The origin of OM of the studied samples attributed to a marine algal source as indicated from the dominated by the C27 and co-dominant C28 homologues sterane in molecular composition distributions. The marine shale and carbonate lithofacies of rock samples were also indicated by high C19TT/C23TT ratio and low relative abundance of C24TeT/C23TT, consistent with their interpreted marine affinity. An organic geochemical evaluation pointed out that the Sirte Shale formation (Campanian/Turonian) is the main source rock in this petroleum area.